6244 - Chemistry Bafflement.

Yikes! it's the day before the exam and im feeling a little unconfident. Considering Biology's weird exam and what other people have told me about the other chemistry exams, im feeling slightly wary edexcel is going to give us a bang before the penultimate bang in June for this syllabus - something weird. Just for revision's sake:

Amides:

Formed by:

Acyl Chlorides + Ammonia >>>> Primary Amide + HCl

Acyl Chloride + Amine >>>> N-methyl Amide + HCl

Carboxylic Acid + Ammonium Carbonate >>>> Ammonium Ethanoate (which disassociates upon heating - dehydration into an Amide)

Reactions:

HYDROLYSIS:
Amide + H+ + Water >>>> Carboxylic Acid + Ammonium

Amide + OH- >>>> Amide salt (that can be hydrolysed by a strong solution of acid - similar to esters and Sodium -noates)

DEHYDRATION
Amide - H20 >>>> Nitrile (dehydration using P4O10)

HOFFMAN'S DEGRADATION
Amide + BR2 + NaOH >>>> Amine (with one less carbon)


Amines:

Formed by:

Reduction of Nitriles and Amides

Hoffman's degradation of Amides

Halogenoalkane + excess NH3 in ethanol


Reactions:

BASIC:
Amine + water >>>> Amine with a NH3+ charge + OH-

Amine + HCl >>>> Amine with NH3+ charge and Cl- ionically bonded to NH3+

Amine with NH3+ charge + OH- >>>> Amine + water (therefore first reaction is reversible).

ACYL CHLORIDE REACTION:

Amine + Acyl Chloride >>>> N-Methyl Substituted Amide

Moo.

Whilst guzzling on this most sumptous of pizza meals i find myself more relaxed. jolly good off to watch monster.

peace.
Amino Acids:

Solids at RTP due to strong ionic attractions that form between -VE COO- end in one Zwitterion and +VE NH3+ end in another Zwitterion.

Zwitterions either gain a H+ on the COO- end or lose a H+ on the NH3+ end depending on whether H+ ions are added or OH- ions are added (respectively)